Giacomo

DiGrassi His True Art of Defense,

plainly teaching by infallible Demonstrations,

apt Figures and perfect Rules the manner and 

form how a man without other Teacher or

Master may handle all sorts of

Weapons aswell offensive as defensive:

With a Treatise

Of Deceit or Falsing:  And with a way or

Means by private Industry to obtain

Strength, Judgement, and

Activity



First written in Italian by the Fore-

said Author, And Englished by 

I.G. gentleman.



Revised and Reenglished by 

Lord Jin Liu Ch'ang



Printed at London for 1.l and are to be sold

within Temple Barre at the Signe of

the Hand and Starre

1594







The true Art of Defense exactly 

teaching the manner how to handle weapons 

safely, aswell offensive as defensive, 

with a Treatise of deceit or Falsing,

And with a mean or way how a man 

may practice of himself to get 

Strength, Judgment, and Activity.



There is no doubt but that the Honorable exercise of the 

Weapon is made right perfect by means of two things, to 

wit: Judgment and Force: Because by the one, we know the 

manner and time to handle the weapon (how, or whatsoever 

occasion serves:) And by the other we have the power to 

execute therewith, in due time with advantage.



And because, the knowledge of the manner and Time to 

strike and defend, does of itself teach us the skill how to 

reason and dispute thereof only, and the end and scope of 

this Art consists not in reasoning, but in doing: Therefore to 

him that is desirous to prove so cunning in this Art, as is 

needful, It is requisite not only that he be able to judge, but 

also that he be strong and active to put in execution all that 

which his judgment comprehends and sees. And this may 

not be done without strength and activity of body: The 

which if happily it be feeble, slow, or not of power to 

sustain the weight of blows, Or if it take not advantage to 

strike when time requires, it utterly remains overtaken with 

disgrace and danger: the which faults (as appears) proceed 

not from the Art, but from the Instrument badly handled in 

the action. 



Therefore let every man that is desirous to practice this Art, 

endeavor himself to get strength and agility of body, 

assuring himself, that judgment without this activity and 

force, avails little or nothing: Yea happily gives occasion of 

hurt and spoil. For men being blinded in their own 

judgments, and presuming thereon, because they know how, 

and what they ought to do, give many times the onset and 

enterprise, but yet, never perform it in act.



But least I seem to ground this Art upon dreams and 

monstrous imaginations (having before laid down, that 

strength of body is very necessary to attain to the perfection 

of this Art, it being one of the two principal beginnings first 

laid down, and not as yet declared the way how to come by 

and procure the same) I have determined in the entrance of 

this work, to prescribe the manner how to obtain judgment, 

and in the end thereof by way of Treatise to show the means 

( as far as appertains to this Art) by the which a man by his 

own endeavor and travail, may get strength and activity of 

body, to such purpose and effect, that by the instructions 

and reasons, which shall be given him, he may easily without 

other master or teacher, become both strong, active and 

skillful.



The means how to obtain Judgment



Although I have very much in a manner in all quarters of 

Italy, seen most excellent professors of this Art, to teach in 

their Schools, and practice privately in the Lists to train up 

their Scholars. Yet I do not remember that I ever saw any 

man so thoroughly endowed with this first part, to wit, 

Judgment, that behalf required.



And it may be that they keep it secret of purpose: for 

amongst diverse disorderly blows, you might have seen 

some of them most gallantly bestowed, not without evident 

conjecture of deep judgment. But howsoever it be seeing I 

purpose to further this Art, in what I may, I will speak of 

this first part as aptly to the purpose, as I can.



It is therefore to be considered that man by so much the 

more waxes fearful or bold, by how much the more he 

knows how to avoid or not to eschew danger.



But to attain to this knowledge, it is most necessary that he 

always keep steadfastly in memory all these advertisements 

underwritten, from which springs all the knowledge of this 

Art. Neither is it possible without them to perform any 

perfect action for the which a man may give a reason. But if 

it so fall out that any man (not having the knowledge of 

these advertisements) perform any sure act, which may be 

said to be handled with judgment, that proceeds of no other 

thing, than of very nature, and of the mind, which of itself 

naturally conceives all these advertisements.



1 First, that the right or straight Line is of all other the 

shortest: wherefore if a man would strike in the shortest 

line, it is requisite that he strike in the straight line.

2 Secondly, he that is nearest, hits soonest. Out of which 

advertisement a man may reap this profit, that seeing the 

enemies sword far off, aloft and ready to strike, he may first 

strike the enemy, before he himself be struck.

3 Thirdly, a Circle that goes compassing bears more force in 

the extremity of the circumference, than in the center 

thereof. 

4 Fourthly, a man may more easily withstand a small than a 

great force.

5 Fifthly, every motion is accomplished in time.



That by these Rules a man may get judgment, is most clear, 

seeing there is no other thing required in this Art, than to 

strike with advantage, and defend with safety.



This is done, when one strikes in the right line, by giving a 

thrust, or by delivering an edgeblow with that place of the 

sword, where it carries the most force, first striking the 

enemy before he be struck: The which is performed, when 

he perceives himself to be more near his enemy, in which 

case, he must nimbly deliver it. For there are a few nay there 

is no man at all, who (perceiving himself ready to be struck) 

gives not back, and forsakes to perform every other motion 

which he has begun.



And forasmuch, as he knows that every motion is made in 

time, he endeavors himself so to strike and defend, that he 

may use as few motions as is possible, and therein to spend 

as little time.  And as his enemy moves much in diverse 

times he may be advertised hereby, to strike him in one or 

more of those times, so out of all due time spent.



The division of the Art



Before I come to a more particular declaration of this Art, it 

is requisite I use some general division. Wherefore it is to be 

understood, that as in all other arts, so likewise in this (men 

forsaking the true science thereof, in hope peradventure to 

overcome rather by deceit than true manhood) have found a 

new manner of skirmishing full of falses and slips. The 

which because it somewhat and sometimes prevails against 

those who are either fearful or ignorant of their grounds and 

principals, I am constrained to divide this Art into two Arts 

or Sciences, calling the one the True, the other, the False 

art: But withal giving every man to understand, that 

falsehood has no advantage against true Art, but rather is 

most hurtful and deadly to him that uses



Therefore casting away deceit for this present, which shall 

hereafter be handled in his proper place and restraining 

myself to the truth, which is the true and principal desire of 

my heart, presupposing that Justice (which in every 

occasion approaches nearest unto truth) obtains always the 

superiority, I say whosoever minds to exercise himself in 

this true and honorable Art or Science, it is requisite that he 

be endued with deep Judgment, a valiant heart and great 

activity, In which three qualities this exercise does as it were 

delight, live and flourish.



Of the Sword



Albeit Weapons aswell offensive as defensive be infinite, 

because all that whatsoever a man may handle to offend 

another or defend himself, either by flinging or keeping fast 

in his hand may in my opinion be termed Weapon. Yet 

notwithstanding, because, as I have before said, they be 

innumerable so that if I should particularly handle every one, 

besides the great toil and travail I should sustain, it would 

also doubtless be unprofitable, because the principals and 

grounds which are laid down in this Art, serve only for such 

weapons as are commonly practiced, or for such as happily 

men will use: and so leaving all those which at this present 

make not for my purpose, I affirm, that amongst all the 

weapons used in these days, there is none more honorable, 

more usual or more safe than the sword.



Coming therefore first to this weapon, as unto that on which 

is grounded the true knowledge of this Art, being of 

reasonable length, and having edges and point, wherein it 

seems to resemble every other weapon, It is to be 

considered, that forasmuch as it has no more than two edges 

and one point, a man may not strike with any other than 

with these, neither defend himself with any other than with 

these. Further all edge blows, be they right or reversed, 

frame either a circle or part of a circle: of the which the 

hand is the Center, and the length of the sword, the 

Diameter.



Whereupon he that would give either an edge blow in a 

great compass, either thrust with the point of the sword, 

must not only be nimble of hand, but also must observe the 

time of advantage, which is, to know when his own sword is 

more near and ready to strike than his enemy's. For when 

the enemy fetches a compass with his sword, in delivering 

his stroke, at the length of the arm: if he then perceive 

himself to be nearer by half an arm, he ought not to care to 

defend himself, but with all celerity to strike. For as he hits 

home first, so he prevents the fall of his enemies sword. But 

if he be forced to defend himself from any edge blow, he 

must for his greater safety and ease of doing it, go and 

encounter it on the half sword that is hindmost: in which 

place as the enemies sword carries less force, so he is more 

near at hand to offend him.



Concerning thrusting, or the most perilous blows of the 

point, he must provide so to stand with his body, feet and 

arms, that he be not forced, when he would strike, to lose 

time: The which he shall do, if he stand either with his arm 

so forward, either with his feet so backward, either with his 

body so disorderly, that before he thrust he must needs 

draw back his arm, help himself with his feet, or use some 

dangerous motion of the body, the which when the enemy 

perceives, he may first strike before he be struck. But when 

a man stands in due order (which shall hereafter be 

declared) and perceives that there is less distance from the 

point of his sword unto his enemy, than there is from his 

enemies sword unto him, In that case he must nimbly force 

on a strong thrust to the end he may hit home first.



The division of the sword



For as much as the Effects which proceed from the length of 

the sword, are not in every part thereof equal or of like 

force: It stands with reason besides the declaration of the 

cause, that I find out also the property and name of each 

part, to the end every man may understand, which are the 

parts of the length wherewith he ought to strike, and which 

the parts, wherewith he must defend.



I have said elsewhere, that the sword in striking frames 

either a Circle, either a part of a Circle, of which the hand is 

the center. And it is manifest that a wheel, which moves 

circularly, is more forcible and swift in the circumference 

than towards the Center: The which wheel each sword 

resembles in striking. Whereupon it seems convenient, that I 

divide the sword into four equal parts: of the which that 

which is most nearest the hand, as mostnigh to the cause, I 

will call the first part: the next, I will term the second, then 

the third, and so the fourth: which fourth part contains the 

point of the sword. of which four parts, the third and fourth 

are to be used to strike withal. For seeing they are nearest 

to the circumference, they are most swift. And the fourth 

part (I mean not the tip of the point, but four fingers more 

within it) is the swiftest and strongest of all the rest: for 

besides that it is in the circumference, which causes it to be 

most swift, it has also four fingers of counterpiece thereby 

making the motion more forcible. The other two parts, to 

wit, the first and second are to be used to warde withal, 

because in striking they draw little compass, and therefore 

carry with them small force And for that their place is near 

the hand, they are for this cause strong to resist any 

violence.



The Arm likewise is not in every part of equal force and 

swiftness, but differs in every bowing thereof, that is to say 

in the wrist, in the elbow and in the shoulder: for the blows 

of the wrist as they are more swift, so they are less strong: 

And the other two, as they are more strong, so they are 

more slow, because they perform a great compass. 

Therefore by my counsel, he that would deliver an 

edgeblow shall fetch no compass with his shoulder, because 

whilst he bears his sword far off, he gives time to the wary 

enemy to enter first: but he shall only use the compass of the 

elbow and the wrist: which as they be most swift, so are 

they strong in ought, if they be orderly handled. 

(Figure 2)



Having before said and laid down for one the principals of 

this art, that the straight Line is the shortest of all others 

(which is most true.)It seems needful having suggested for a 

truth, that the blow of the point is the straight stroke, this 

not being simply true, I think it expedient before I wade any 

further, to show in what manner the blows of the point are 

struck circularly, and how straightly. And this I will strain 

myself to perform as plainly and briefly as possibly I may. 

Neither will I stretch so far as to reason of the blows of the 

edge, or how all blows are struck circularly, because it is 

sufficiently and clearly handled in the division of the Arm 

and the sword. Coming then to that which is my principal 

intent to handle in this place, I will show first how the arm 

when it strikes with the point, strikes circularly.



It is most evident, that all bodies of straight or long shape, I 

mean when they have a firm and immovable head or 

beginning, and that they move with an other like head, 

always of necessity in their motion, frame either a wheel of 

part of a circular figure. Seeing then the Arm is of like 

figure and shape, and is immovably fixed in the shoulder, 

and further moves only in that part which is beneath it, there 

is no doubt, but that in his motion it figures also a circle, or 

some part thereof. And this every man may perceive if in 

moving his arm, he make trial in himself.



Finding this true, as without controversy it is, it shall also be 

as true, that all those things which are fastened in the arm, 

and do move as the Arm does, must needs move circularly. 

This much concerning my first purpose in this Treatise.



Now I will come to my second, and will declare the reasons 

and ways by which a man striking with the point strikes 

straightly. And I say, that whensoever the sword is moved 

by the only motion of the Arm, it must always of necessity 

frame a circle by the reasons before alleged. But if it 

happen, as in a manner it does always, that the arm in his 

motion makes a circle upwards, and the hand moving in the 

wrist frame a part of a circle downwards the it will come to 

pass, that the sword being moved by two contrary motions 

in going forwards strikes straightly.



But to the intent that this may be more plainly perceived, I 

have framed this present figure for the better understanding 

whereof it is to be known, that as the arm in his motion 

carries the sword with it, and is the occasion that being 

forced by the said motion, the sword frames a circle 

upwards, So the hand moving itself in the wrist, may either 

lift up the point of the sword upwards or abase it 

downwards. So that if the hand do so much let fall the 

point, as the arm does lift up the handle, it comes to pass 

that the swords point thrusts directly at an other prick or 

point than that it respects. (Figure 3)



Wherefore let A.B. be the circle which is framed by the 

motion of the arm: which arm, if ( as it carries with it the 

sword in his motion ) it would strike at the point D. it 

should be constrained through his motion to strike at point 

B. And from hence proceeds the difficulty of thrusting or 

striking with the point. If it therefore the arm would strike 

directly at the point D. it is necessary that as much as it lifts 

the handle upwards, the hand and wrist do move itself 

circularly downward, making this circle AC and carrying 

with it the point of the sword down-wards, of force it 

strikes at the point D. And this would not so come to pass, 

if with the only motion of the arm, a man should thrust forth 

the sword, considering the arm moves only above the center 

C.



Therefore seeing by this discourse it is manifest that the 

blow of the point, or a thrust, cannot be delivered by one 

simple motion directly made, but by two circular motions, 

the one of the Arm the other of the hand, I will hence 

forward in all this work term this blow the blow of the 

straight Line. Which considering the reasons before alleged, 

shall breed no inconvenience at all. Most great is the care 

and considerations which the paces or footsteps require in 

this exercise, because from them in a manner more than 

from any other thing springs all offense and Defense. And 

the body likewise ought with all diligence to be kept firm 

and stable, turned towards the enemy, rather with the right 

shoulder, than with the breast. And that because a man 

ought to make himself as small a mark to the enemy as 

possible. And if he be occasioned to bend his body any way, 

he must bend it rather backwards than forwards, to the end 

that it be far off from danger, considering the body can 

never greatly move itself any other way more than that and 

that same way the head may not move being a member of so 

great importance.



Therefore when a man strikes, either his feet or his arm are 

thrust forwards, as at that instant it shall make best for his 

advantage. For when it happens that he may strongly offend 

his enemy without the increase of a pace, he must use his 

arm only to perform the same, bearing his body always as 

much as he may and is required, firm and immovable.



For this reason I commend not their manner of fight, who 

continually as they fight, make themselves to show 

sometimes a little, sometimes great, sometimes wresting 

themselves on this side, sometimes on that side, much like 

the moving of snails. For as all these are motions, so can 

they not be accomplished in one time, for if when they bear 

their bodies low, they would strike aloft, or force they must 

raise themselves, and in that time they may be struck. So in 

like manner when their bodies are writhed this way or that 

way.



Therefore let every man stand in that order, which I have 

first declared, straining himself to the uttermost of his 

power, when he would either strike or defend, to perform 

the same not in two times or in two motions, but rather in 

half a time or motion, if it were possible.



As concerning the motion of the feet, from which grow 

great occasions aswell of offense as Defense, I say and have 

seen by diverse examples that as by the knowledge of their 

orderly and discreet motion, aswell in the Lists as in 

common frays, there has been obtained honorable victory, 

so their busy and unruly motion have been occasion of 

shameful hurts and spoils. And because I cannot lay down a 

certain measure of motion, considering the difference 

between man and man, some being of great and some of 

little stature: for to some it is commodious to make his pace 

the length of an arm, and to other some half the length or 

more. Therefore I advertise every man in all his wards to 

frame a reasonable pace, in such sort that if he would step 

forward to strike, he lengthen or increase one foot, and if he 

would defend himself, he withdraw as much, without peril 

of falling.



And because the feet in this exercise do move in diverse 

manners, it shall be good that I show the name of every 

motion, to the end that using those names through all this 

work, they may the better be understood.



It is to be known that the feet move either straightly, either 

circularly: If straightly, then either forwards or backwards: 

but when they move directly forwards, they frame either a 

half or a whole pace. By whole pace is understood, when 

the foot is carried from behind forwards, keeping steadfast 

the forefoot. And this pace is sometimes made straight, 

sometimes crooked. By straight is meant when it is done in 

a straight line, but this does seldom happen. By crooked or 

slope pace is understood, when the hindfoot is brought also 

forwards, but yet a thwart or crossing: and as it goes 

forwards, it carries the body with it, out of the straight line, 

where the blow is given. 



The like is meant by the pace that is made directly 

backwards: but this back pace is framed more often straight 

than crooked. Now the middle of these back and fore paces, 

I will term the half pace: and that is, when the hindfoot 

being brought near the forefoot, does even there rest: or 

when from thence the same foot goes forwards. And 

likewise when the forefoot is gathered into the hindfoot, and 

there does rest, and then retires itself from hence 

backwards. These half paces are much used, both straight 

and crooked, forwards and backwards, straight and 

crooked. Circular paces, are not otherwise used than in half 

paces, and they are made thus: When one has framed his 

pace, he must fetch a compass with his hind foot or fore 

foot, on the right or left side: so that circular paces are 

made either when the hindfoot standing fast behind, does 

afterwards move itself on the right or left side, or when the 

forefoot being settled before does move likewise on the 

right or left side: with all these sort of paces a man may 

move every way both forwards and backwards. (Figure 4)



Of Paces



Of the Agreement of the Foot and Hand



The right leg ought always to be the strength of the right 

hand, and likewise the left leg of the left hand: So that if at 

any time it shall happen a thrust to be forcibly delivered, 

reason would that it be accompanied with the leg: for 

otherwise, by means of the force and weight, which is 

without the perpendicular or hanging line of the body, 

having no prop to sustain it, a man is in danger of falling. 

And it is to be understood, that the pace does naturally so 

much increase or diminish his motion, as the hand. 

Therefore we see when the right foot is behind, the hand is 

there also: for what who so strains himself to stand 

otherwise, as he offers violence unto nature, so he can never 

endure it: wherefore when he stands at his ward, bearing his 

hand wide, there also the foot helps by his strength, being 

placed towards that part: and when the hand is borne low, 

and the right foot before, if then he would lift his hand aloft, 

it is necessary that he draw back his foot: And there is so 

much distance from the place where the foot does part, to 

join itself to the other foot, as there is from the place 

whence the hand parts, to that place where it remains 

steadfast, little more or less: wherefore presupposing the 

said rules to be true, he must have great care to make his 

pace, h move his hand at one time together: And above all, 

not to skip or leap, but keep one foot always firm and 

steadfast: and when he would move it, to do it upon some 

great occasion, considering the foot ought chiefly to agree 

in motion with the hand, which hand, ought not in any case 

what soever happen to vary from his purpose, either in 

striking or defending.



Of Wards



Wards in weapons are such sites, positions or placings 

which withstand the enemy's blows, and are as a shield or 

safeguard against them. For he who has no skill to carry his 

body and bear these weapons orderly, which either cover, or 

may easily may cover the whole body, cannot be said to 

stand in ward, insomuch that a man ought to use great 

diligence in the apt carrying of his body and weapons, For 

many times he ought to settle and repose himself in his 

ward, therein deliberating upon some new devise, or 

expecting when his enemy will minister occasion to enter 

upon him. (Figure 5)



The Wards which may be used with the single sword are 

threefold, Neither in my opinion may they be any more: for 

that one only straight line, which is the sword, may not 

cover, defend and easily offend after any other manner.



THE HIGH WARD.



This high ward, which also might be called the first, being 

the very same which every man frames at the drawing of the 

sword out of the sheath, may so far forth, and insomuch be 

termed a ward, in how much, by turning the point of the 

sword downward, it wards the whole person, and for that, 

by gathering in of the hindfoot, and increasing forwards 

with the right foot, a man may discharge a strong thrust 

above hand at his enemy. (Figure 6)



In this, and in all other wards, it is diligently to benoted, that 

he bear his weapons so orderly disposed, that the straight 

line which goes from the sword's point be still best to strike 

the enemy, either in the face or the breast: for if the point be 

so borne that it respect over the enemy's head, the enemy 

may easily first enter underneath and strike before the fall or 

descend thereof : And by holding the point two low, he may 

by beating it somewhat downwards cause it to be quit void 

of his body, and so safely come in to strike, the which has 

been many times seen.



THE BROAD WARD



This second ward from the effect shall be called the broad 

or wide ward, because the Arm widening and stretching 

itself directly as much as possible from the right side, bears 

the sword so far off from the body, that it seems to give 

great scope to the enemy to enter, albeit in truth it be 

nothing so. For although the hand and the handle of the 

sword, be both far from the body, and quite out of the 

straight line, yet the point of the sword, from which 

principally proceeds the offense, is not without the said line: 

For it is borne so bending toward the left side that it 

respects directly to strike the enemy, and being borne in that 

sort, it may very well both strike and defend. And when the 

point of the sword is borne out of the straight line, as the 

hand and handle is, then a man is in danger to bee hurt easily 

by the enemy, the which happens not when the point is 

bending, for in such order, it is as a bar and defense to the 

whole body.



THE LOW WARD



This also from the effect is called the base ward or lock: 

Neither is this name improperly given by the Professors of 

this Art, for that it is more strong, sure and commodious 

then any other ward, and in the which a man may more 

easily strike, ward and stand therein with less pain. This 

ward is framed in the Schools after diverse fashions, either 

bearing the hand low before the knee, either very much 

stretched forwards, either between both the knees. All 

which fashions, (if we regard natural reason, and the 

motions used therein) are to small purpose: for, besides that 

they are all violent, and for a small time to be endured, they 

are also such, in the which a man may not strike but in two 

times, or at least in one, and then very weakly. Wherefore, 

casting all these aside, I will frame such a ward, as shall be 

applied, to time, to nature, and to safety: And it is, when 

one bears his arm directly downwards near his knee (but yet 

without it) and his sword with his point somewhat raised, 

and bearing towards the left side, to the end, it may arm and 

defend that part also, in such sort, that (being borne without 

violence) he may continue long. And if he would strike, he 

may in one time, forcibly deliver a great thrust. But this he 

cannot do, if he bear his sword directly before him, for then 

he must either draw back his arm when he would strike, or 

else strike in one time, but very weakly.



This ward therefore must be framed with the arm stretched 

downwards near the knee, but yet on the outside thereof, 

because after this manner a man stands safely, 

commodiously, and more ready, both to strike and defend. (Figure 7)



THE MANNER HOW TO STRIKE



Without all doubt, the thrust is to be preferred before the 

edgeblow, aswell because it strikes in less time, as also for 

that in the said time, it does more hurt. For which 

consideration, the Romans (who were victorious in all 

enterprises) did accustom their soldiers of the Legions to 

thrust only: Alleging for their reason, that the blows of the 

edge, though they were great, yet they are very few that are 

deadly, and that thrusts, though little and weak, when they 

enter but iii fingers into the body, are wont to kill. Therefore 

I lay down this for a firm and certain rule, that the thrust 

does many times more readily strike, and give the greater 

blow against the enemy. And to the end, a man may thrust it 

out with the greatest force at the most advantage, and 

uttermost length that may be, he must always remember to 

carry his left foot compassing behind him in such sort, that 

the hindfoot so compassing may always be in the straight 

line of the hand and sword, as a Diameter in the middest of 

a Circle. And in finishing of a blow, to draw his hindfoot a 

half pace forwards, and so by that means the blow is longer 

and stronger, and shoulder and side are only opposite to the 

enemy, and so far from him, that they may not be struck: 

and it is not possible for a man to frame a longer blow than 

this.



WHEN IT IS BETTER TO STRIKE WITH THE EDGE



For no other cause, the edge is preferred before the point, 

then for the time: the shortness whereof, is so to be 

esteemed above all other things in this Art, that (omitting 

the point and edge) it ought to be given for the best and 

chief counsel, that the same to be the better blow, in which 

a man spends least time. And therefore when this happens 

and may be done with the edge, then the edge is to be 

preferred before the point: the which as occasion serves 

shalbe further declared.



When I reasoned of the blow of the point or thrust I said 

that a man ought to thrust when the point is in the straight 

line, because the blow is then performed in one time. But 

the edge differs from the point, in that being out of the 

straight line, it endeavors to come into the same again. 

Therefore when it happens the point to be borne either on 

the right, either on the left side, either aloft, out of the 

straight line, if then one would thrust in the right line, he 

cannot perform it but in two times, whereas if he would 

strike with the edge be it right or reversed, or downwards, 

he may do it in one time. It shalbe also very commodious 

rather to strike with the edge, when as sometime a man 

bearing his sword in the straight line, and the enemy there 

finding it, does with his hand beat it on this side or that side. 

In which case, if he would return it again into the said line 

of purpose to strike, he shalbe constrained to do it with 

great violence and much time.



For these reasons I hold it better to let the sword sway to 

that side, whereto the enemy beats it, and to join unto it 

such force, as he may to help the motion, and (fetching 

withal a compass) to strike with the edge. (Figure 8)



The which blow is so ready  strong, that the enemy can 

hardly have time to withstand it, being already occupied in 

beating aside the sword and pretending to strike: nothing at 

all expecting that the adversaries sword will strike again 

either so quickly, or with the edge, on that side from which 

it was beaten.



THE MEANS TO DEFEND



The means of defending a blow given either with the edge 

or point of the sword, are three. one is when the weapon is 

opposed to the blow, in such sort that the weapon which 

comes striking either at the head or at the body, cannot hit 

home to the place whereunto it is directed, but hindered by 

some thing or other then set against it, be it sword, dagger, 

target, bill, javelin, or any thing else, which at that instant a 

man has in his hand. For it chances not always to wear or 

carry weapons of purpose, or ordained to that extent. 

framed to that end: for which cause, it may well be said, that 

the soldier differs from other men, not because he is more 

skillful in handling the sword or javelin, but for that he is 

expert in every occasion to know the best advantage and 

with judgment both to defend himself with any thing 

whatsoever, and therewithal safely to offend the enemy: In 

which and no other thing consists true skirmishing.



He that persuades himself that he can learn this Art by the 

exercise of a few particular strokes of the point and edge is 

utterly deceived: for besides, that by those particular tricks, 

there is small knowledge gotten: So the chances in this Art 

are so dangerous and diverse, that it is impossible to 

deliberate suddenly, except he have the universal knowledge 

and understanding of all the rules and principals hereof, 

being grounded upon offending and defending, and not only 

upon the sword, the dagger, the target, the javelin and the 

bill. For a man at all times (when he is occasioned to strike 

or defend) does not carry these weapons about him, but is 

constrained to defend himself with a piece of wood from a 

javelin, with a stool or form from a sword, or with a cloak 

from a dagger, in which case men commonly use many 

other things not ordained for that purpose, doing that 

therewith which natural instinct teaches them. And this 

instinct is no other thing then the knowledge of the rules 

before laid down: which knowledge, being it is naturally 

grafted in the mind, is something the rather helped and 

qualified by Art, and makes a man so assured and bold, that 

he dares to enter on any great danger, and judges (when he 

sees the quality of the weapon, and the site wherein it is 

placed) what it may do, or in how many ways it may either 

strike or defend. From which his judgment springs the 

knowledge of all that he has to do, and how he has to 

handle himself to encounter any danger.



But returning to my purpose, to wit, of the way how to 

defend, which is to carry the weapon opposite, this manner 

is commonly used, but is not so profitable, being used as it 

is. And the reason is, because when men endeavor 

themselves to encounter or oppose themselves against the 

weapon which comes to strike them, (neither making bold 

that their weapon can, neither knowing how it should 

defend) they withdraw their body with their foot, and 

commit all these faults following.



1 First, by withdrawing of themselves, they encounter the 

enemy's sword towards the point, in which place it bears 

most force, and therefore with great difficulty they sustain 

the blow. 



2 Another is, if they would strike the enemy, of force they 

must return their feet and weapons thither, where they were 

before, and yet increase forwards somewhat more, if they 

would strongly strike him: And in this they spend so much 

time, that the enemy may not only easily defend, but also, 

very well and safely strike. To him then that would use this 

manner of defense without danger, it is necessary and 

needful, when he encounters the enemy's sword, that he do 

not withdraw himself, but with his left foot increase a 

crooked or slope pace forwards, the which shall encounter 

the sword, which before was coming striking with the edge, 

on that part thereof, in which it has least power to offend, 

and shall by that means easily withstand the blow. But if the 

sword come with a thrust, he must find it and beat it aside: 

for every little motion is sufficient to drive the point far 

enough from danger of hurt. And there is the advantage 

gotten, aswell in the blow of the edge as of the point, that 

the body is voided out of the straight line, by means of the 

said slope pace: and it stands so apt and so near to offend 

the enemy, that one may strike in the very instant, neither 

can the enemy so much withdraw himself as is sufficient to 

avoid the stroke: For a man has to use the straight pace of 

the right foot to follow the enemy, which pace is so strong 

and so swift, that the enemy may not avoid it. And because 

this manner of defense, in mine opinion, seems to be most 

sure and short, I will use it above all other.



There is another way, to wit, when one perceives the 

enemy's sword in the delivery of an edge blow, to fetch a 

great compass, he may strike him before the fall of his 

sword with a thrust : or else when the enemy thrusts, (but 

yet spends many times in the doing thereof) he may likewise 

strike him in as short time as may be. The which manner of 

defending is most profitable, and perchance the better of the 

two. For there is no man that will run himself headlong 

upon the weapon, or that, perceiving himself ready to be 

struck, will not suddenly draw back and withhold that blow 

which he had already prepared to discharge. And although 

there be some, who being struck run rashly on, yet 

generally, men will not so do, albeit they be struck when 

they are most choleric, but will, when they are struck or 

wounded, give back and be dismayed and by reason of the 

blood which goes from them, always more and more be 

weakened.



But when they be so wounded, it shall be for their profit to 

be well advised, and not to discomfort themselves for the 

greatness of the blow, but to bear it patiently : for that 

which they do in disdain and fury shall turn them to much 

displeasure.



3 The third manner of defense is, when the body voids out 

of the straight line towards this or that side, but this is 

seldom used alone and by itself, but rather accompanied 

with the opposing of the weapon, or with the second 

manner of defense aforesaid. If it be used alone, the manner 

is to slip the blow, and to strike the enemy in the same time 

that he is over reached in his blow. (Figure 9)



THE METHOD WHICH SHALBE USED IN HANDLING

THE CHAPTERS FOLLOWING.



Forasmuch as I ought in the Chapters following to teach 

more particularly all the blows and defenses in every ward, 

(to the end that no man do marvel why I do not perform the 

same, and do think that the instruction is therefore 

imperfect) I think good (because my purpose is now to 

entreat of that only which pertains to true Art, to the which 

the blow of the point, or thrusts, are most agreeable, being 

more ready and strong than any other) to handle them 

principally, and yet not so, but that I will also talk of 

edgeblows when in my treatise I come to that place where it 

shalbe most commodious to strike therewith, placing them 

near to their wards and defenses, although against all 

edgeblows this is the best defense, to strike by the right line 

before the fall of the enemy's sword, for, being delivered in 

shorter time, it withstands their fall and lighting. The order I 

say, which I will observe, shalbe, to lay down every ward, 

their blows and defenses, but principally of the point, then 

of the edge, if need require.



THE HURT OF THE HIGH WARD AT SINGLE RAPIER



The truest, and surest blow that may be given when a man 

lies at the high ward, is, the thrust above hand, aswell for 

that it is in the straight line, as also, because it naturally 

stays itself in the low ward: So that from the beginning to 

the ending of this blow, there is never any time given to the 

enemy to enter, by reason, that the point stands always 

directly against him. But in the discharging of this blow, a 

man must remember to draw his left foot near his right foot, 

and then to increase forwards with the right foot, and to 

deliver it as forcibly as he may, staying himself in the low 

ward.



True it is, that he may also deliver a right and reversed 

edgeblow at the head: or else, strike downwards from the 

wrist of the hand: but because he is not able to turn his wrist 

in so small a compass, in the discharge of an edgeblow, 

either high or low, but that the point of the sword will be 

out of the straight line, by the length of a sword, in the 

which (before it return) the enemy has sufficient time to 

strike: Therefore I would not counsel any man to use them 

either alone, or both together. But yet between two thrusts, 

they may be used together, by continuing the one after the 

other (though they be voided) until the last thrust, the which 

does safely rest in the low ward. The use of them is on this 

manner.



When one having discharged a thrust from the high ward, 

perceives that it does not hurt, because it was voided by the 

enemy's sword, he must turn a right edgeblow from the 

wrist athwart the enemy's head, fetching a compass with his 

foot behind him toward the right side, to the end the blow 

may be the longer, which is the longest of all others. But if 

the enemy void this in like case (which is very difficult) then 

he must suddenly turn the reverse from his elbow increasing 

therewithall a slope pace with the hindfoot. And it is to be 

noted, that in delivering a reverse, the slope pace is in a 

manner always to be used, to the end he may go forth of the 

straight line, in the which (if he should deliver it) he may 

easily be struck. Having used this pace and reverse, whether 

it hit or not, the sword in the same instant is something to 

be drawn or slid: which drawing is profitable in this, that in 

giving the reverse it does both cause the weapon to cut, and 

make the greater blow. Wherefore it is to be understood, 

that all edgeblows ought so to be delivered, that they may 

cut: for being directly given without any drawing, they 

cause but a small hurt.



Coming therefore to my purpose, I say: that as soon as he 

has so drawn his sword, he ought with the straight pace of 

the right foot, discharge a thrust underneath, being already 

prepared, the which thrust is so strong, both for aptness 

thereof and increase of the pace, that it pierces through any 

impediment withstanding it. And all these blows (beginning 

from the thrust abovehand, till the end of the thrust 

underneath) being roundly delivered one after another with 

such swiftness as is required, are in manner not to be 

warded. Besides, they have so great increase of pace, that it 

is not almost possible for the enemy to retire so much 

backward, as these increase upon him forward.



THE DEFENSE OF THE THRUST OF THE HIGH 

WARD AT

SINGLE RAPIER



All the fury in striking before spoken of, is utterly 

frustrated, when, as here it may be withstands and 

encounters the first thrust. For the defense whereof it is 

needful that he stand at the low ward, and as the thrust 

comes, that he encounter it without, with the edge of the 

sword, and increase a slope pace forward, with the hindfoot 

at the very same time, by which pace he moves out of the 

straight line, and passes on the right side of the enemy. And 

he must remember to bear always the point of the sword 

toward the enemy: So that the enemy in coming forwards, 

either runs himself on the sword, which may easily happen, 

and so much the rather, when he comes resolutely 

determined to strike, or else if he come not so far forwards 

that he encounters the sword, yet may be safely struck, with 

the increase of a straight pace: to which pace, having 

suddenly joined a slope pace, a man must return and 

increase again though the enemy were struck at the first 

increase of that pace: For if at the first stroke and increase, 

the enemy were not hit in the eye, it shall be of small 

purpose. Therefore as soon as he has used the crooked or 

slope pace, he must presently increase an other straight 

pace, the which does so much gather upon the enemy, that 

if he would strike him in the breast, he may thrust his sword 

up to the hilts.



Now for the lofty edgeblows, both right and reversed, the 

rules aforesaid may suffice: To wit, the edgeblow fetches a 

compass. The blow of the point or thrust is the shortest, and 

in this blow, he that is nearest hits the soonest: So then he 

must thrust under any of these edgeblows. And farther, for 

asmuch as it is naturally given to every man to defend 

himself, he may encounter the right edgeblow after an other 

way, and that is, to encounter it with the edge of his sword, 

and presently, to drive therewithall a thrust at the enemy's 

face, and to compass his hindfoot, towards the right side 

behind, to the end, that the thrust may be lengthened and his 

body thereby covered, considering he shall then stand right 

behind his sword.



This manner of defense, may serve to ward all blows of the 

edge, delivered from the high ward, and it is the best way of 

all other, because it does not only ward, but also in one and 

the selfsame time, both strike and defend safely.



This manner of thrust is called the reversed thrust. But if 

one would ward a reverse, he must oppose the edge of 

sword without, and therewithall increase a slope pace, and 

then deliver a thrust with the increase of a straight or right 

pace. And this may suffice for all that may be used against a 

lofty, reversed, edgeblow, as far forth as a man endeavors to 

oppose himself against the weapon. And this is the very 

same also with which may be used for the warding of the 

thrust.

THE HURT OF THE BROAD WARD AT SINGLE 

RAPIER



The most sure, most true  principal blow that may be used 

in this ward is the thrust underhand, so that a man draw his 

left foot near his right foot, and then discharge it with the _ 

of the said foot, and settle himself in the low ward.



He may also in this ward with the said increase of the right 

foot, deliver a right edgeblow from the wrist of the hand, 

and stay himself in the low ward. And perchance he may 

(although with great danger) bestow also a reverse: yet 

considering he shall do it out of the straight line, in the 

which only he strikes safely, I do not think it good, that he 

use either the said reverse, either the said right blow except 

it be very seldom, and for the same cause, assuring himself 

in the blow of the point, or thrust, the which he shall not 

give, except it be very commodious, or that he be forced of 

necessity, considering this thrust does not only easily and 

commodiously defend, but also, at one instant, safely strike, 

and offend, as shalbe showed in the defense of this ward. 

That therefore which he may safely do, in this ward, is to 

expect and watch for his enemy's coming.



THE DEFENSE OF THE BROAD WARD AT SINGLE 

RAPIER



If a man would defend himself from the blows of the 

aforesaid broad ward, it is good that he stand against his 

enemy in the low ward: for the whilst he is so opposite in 

the same ward, the enemy may neither easily enter, neither 

commodiously defend himself. So that he which is in the 

low ward may very easily withstand the downright blow, 

and the reverse by giving a thrust, for that he shall hit him 

first, And if he would only oppose his sword, and not strike 

also therewithall, he must encounter his enemy's sword with 

the edge of his own, and turning the same edge fetch a 

reverse, striking at the face of the enemy. And as he so turns 

his hand and edge of his sword, it shalbe good that he carry 

his forefoot a half crooked or slope pace towards his right 

side, staying himself in the broad ward. For defense of the 

reverse, it is to be marked, when the enemy lifts up the end 

of the Rapier out of the straight line, because then of force 

he fetches a compass: And whilst he so does, a man must 

make a straight pace forwards, and with his left hand take 

holdfast of the sword hand of his enemy, and incontinently 

wound him with a thrust underneath already prepared. Now, 

the very same defense is to be used against the thrust 

underneath, which is against the right edgeblow. Neither is 

there any other difference between these two defenses, but 

that whilst the right blow fetches his compass, a man may 

give a thrust and hit him first: For the thrust underneath, 

must only of necessity be warded, because, coming in the 

straight line, it ministers no advantage or time to hit home 

first.



THE HURT OF THE LOW WARD AT SINGLE RAPIER



A Man may in like manner in this ward, as in others, deliver 

a thrust, a right blow, and a reverse: but the true and 

principal effect of this ward, is to expect the enemy, aswell 

for that a man bears himself without wariness, as also, 

because it is apt and ready to defend all blows either high or 

low: For being in the middle, it is easily somewhat lifted up, 

as something borne down: So that when one stands in this 

ward, he may not (as for his advantage) be the first that 

shall give either the downright blow, or the reverse: for both 

the one and the other (departing out of the straight line) are 

deadly, because they give time to the enemy to enter nimbly 

with a thrust. The thrust therefore, may be only used when 

one means to strike first, and it is practiced either within, or 

without, always regarding in either of the ways, so to bear 

and place his arm, that he have no need (before he thrust) to 

draw back the same. The enemy ward it, by the traverse or 

cross motion of his Rapier, as many use to do, then he 

ought to increase a straight pace and lift up his sword hand, 

holding the point thereof downwards betwixt the enemy's 

arm and his body and with the increase of a straight pace to 

deliver a thrust. And this manner of thrust does easily speed, 

because it increases continually in the straight line in such 

sort that the enemy can do no other then give back, and 

especially when it is done without, for then the sword is safe 

from the traverse motion of the other sword.



THE DEFENSE OF THE LOW WARD AT SINGLE 

RAPIER



Because both the downright blow, and the reverse are very 

easily defended in this ward, I will not stand to speak of any 

other then of the thrust, restraining myself thereunto. The 

which thrust, if at the first it be not withstood, may prove 

very mortal and deadly. Therefore, when this thrust is given 

within, it must be beaten inwards with the edge of the 

Rapier, requiring the turn of the hand also inwards, and the 

compass of the hindfoot, so far towards the right side, as 

the hand goes towards the right side. And the enemy shall 

no sooner have delivered the thrust, and he found the 

sword, but he ought to turn his hand, and with a reverse to 

cut the enemy's face, carrying always his forefoot on that 

side where his hand goes. If the enemy's thrust come 

outwards, then it is necessary, that with the turn of his hand 

he beat it outwards with the edge of his sword increasing in 

the same instant one slope pace, by means whereof he 

delivers his body from hurt. And therewithall (increasing 

another straight pace, and delivering his thrust already 

prepared) he does most safely hurt the enemy.